In its compounds, cadmium is usually found in the +2 oxidation state. Cadmium compounds are used in color pigments to create a variety of intense colors such as cadmium yellow (cadmium sulfide, CdS) and cadmium red (cadmium selenide, CdSe). Note that the d-d transition process cannot take place if the d-subshell has no electrons or if the d-subshell is completely filled with electrons. As a result, the corresponding ions and compounds become colorless. Chromium compounds are also found in a number of dyes and paints, such as lead(II) chromate, PbCrO4, also known as chromium yellow, and chromium(III) oxide, Cr2O3, also known as chromium green or chromium oxide green. Chromium salts are also used in some types of colored glass. Zinc is the fourth most used metal after iron, aluminum and copper. Its main use is used to coat („galvanize”) iron or steel, forming a protective layer, preferably oxidized instead of iron. Since 1982, the American penny consists mainly of zinc (about 97.6% of the weight of a penny), surrounded by a thin layer of copper (see above for the entry on copper). Zinc is also used in the manufacture of automotive engine parts and body parts, electrical equipment and in the manufacture of brass (an alloy of 67% copper and 33% zinc). Other zinc alloys include nickel-silver (20% zinc, 60% copper and 20% nickel), which are commonly used in tableware, and Prestal (78% zinc, 22% aluminum), which is almost as strong as steel but easy to shape. Zinc forms the anodic component of dry and alkaline batteries; Although they are not rechargeable, they are still widely used because they are cheap. A photon is a particle that can also be treated as a wave and usually carries energy in the form of light.

The wavelength and frequency of the emitted photon can tell you how much energy the electron absorbs to excite it. The equation E=hf relates the frequency f of the color to the constant h-Planck and the energy E of the electron. We can measure the frequency or wavelength of light from an atom or compound and relate it to the energy of the composite or atomic electron that has been excited. Zinc is a fairly hard, bluish-white metal. The name derives from the German word for metal, zinc, which in turn could come from the Persian word for stone, to sing. It is found in the Earth`s crust at a concentration of 75 ppm, making it the 24th most abundant element. It is found in the ores sphalerite, zinc blende or wurtzite [zinc sulphide, ZnS], smithsonite or zinc spar [zinc carbonate, ZnCO3], hemimorphite or calamine [hydrated zinc silicate hydroxide, Zn4Si2O7(OH)2· H2O], zinc hydrozincite or flower [zinc carbonate hydroxide, Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6] and franklinite [(Fe,Mn,Zn)(Fe,Mn)2O4]. Vanadium forms a number of different cations – 2+, 3+, 4+ and 5+ – and can be found in a large number of compounds. Transition metals form ions, complexes and colored compounds. The colors are characteristic of the element and whether it is present in an aqueous solution or other solvent next to water. Colors are useful in qualitative analysis because they give an indication of the composition of the sample.

Here is an overview of transition metal paints in aqueous solution and an explanation of their presence. Group 2B elements (IUPAC designation Group 12) have the electronic configuration (n-1)d10 ns2. These metals usually form 2+ charges, which is why this group has historically been called 2B (or not 2B, that`s the question). Copper is also widely used in plumbing and water plumbing, motors and generators, computer circuits and chips, household appliances, kitchen utensils, tableware (such as sterling silver, which is made of alloyed silver with 7.5% copper or another metal), ceramic glazes and colored glass, and musical instruments (especially brass). Nickel powder or Raney nickel (a nickel-aluminum alloy) are used as catalysts for the production of hydrogenated oils, in which unsaturated fats containing carbon-carbon double bonds and likely to be liquid at room temperature react with hydrogen gas to produce saturated fats that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds and tend to be solid at room temperature. Hydrogen and unsaturated fats are adsorbed to the surface of the metal, slightly weakening the hydrogen-hydrogen bonds and the carbon-carbon double bond; When the hydrogen „bumps” against the weakened bond, the hydrogen atoms are added to the carbon-carbon double bond, creating a single bond, and the saturated product moves away from the metal surface, leaving it free to react with more reactants. This process is used in the production of shortening from vegetable oils and the production of margarines and other spreads. In transition metals, all five d orbitals are filled, and the elements usually have electronic configurations of (n-1)d1-10 ns2, although there are some exceptions when electrons are mixed to create half-filled or filled d subshells. Many transition metals can lose two or three electrons and form cations with charges of 2+ or 3+, but there are some that form 1+ charges, and others that form much higher charges.

The transition elements have partial d orbitals. We also know that when electrons jump from one orbital to another, light is emitted, so the compounds of the transition elements appear to be colored compounds. However, if a negatively charged or uniformly distributed ligand approaches the d orbitals of the metal ions, then the electrostatic repulsion between the d electrons and this negative charge would lead to a uniform increase in the energies of the d orbitals. In transition metals, the D block is easily split, the influence of the ligands and the coordination number of the complex lead to splitting the D block in two by electrons. This creates two small energy levels and since the elements of the D-block are often unfilled, it means that there is room in the D-block energy levels for electrons that can be excited from the lower energy level of the D-block to the higher energy level, and when they descend, they emit photons of wavelengths in the visible region of the spectrum. Nickel is more commonly used in alloys than as a pure metal. Pure nickel is ferromagnetic and is used in some permanent magnets such as Alnico magnets, which are made of an alloy of aluminum, nickel and cobalt.